Religious Causes of War Essay

War in the Name of Faith The history of the mankind is not only the one of the development and great inventions; it is also the history of wars. Since prehistoric times, different nations have been fighting with each other and very often the announced reason for it was the religion. We can easily remember the Crusades, which were nothing but a war between Christians and Muslims, civil conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in England and Northern Ireland, wars between the Sunnis and the Shiites in Muslim countries. Observing all this, it is easy to come to the conclusion that religion often causes wars. But personally I strongly disagree with this opinion. There are only two basic reasons for a war. It always starts either because of money or because of power. The Crusades started because the European aristocracy and the Pope wanted to increase their wealth and conquering Palestine seemed an easy solution. Moreover, the Pope wanted to broaden the limits of the power of the Catholic church by converting numerous Jews and Muslims to Christianity. All the other wars with the religious background can be analyzed in a similar way and there would always be found a party, which took the financial or political advantage. However, religion has always been a wonderful pretext, as it makes soldiers, who are supposed to die, feel prouder and fight more enthusiastically, as dying in the name of the god is always more meaningful than in the name of a greedy king, who wants to get another piece of land or a couple of additional jewels to a crown. So, to my mind, religion has nothing to do with wars. The only thing that unites them is the meticulous calculations of those who are interested in improving their financial state and use the pretext of religion to make murders acceptable.

Diagnosis Of Anxiety Disorder ( Adhd ) - 872 Words

Diagnosis of Anxiety Disorder Jake’s origin of his Anxiety Disorder stemmed from the rise in the difficulty of his classes. More specifically, it could have been a behavioral, humanistic, and/or a cognitive factor of which induced his anxiety. Depending on how the counselor came up with Jake’s diagnosis, comparative analysis can be applied to the three possible variable factors of Jake’s counselor’s reasoning, and how other psychologists view each of the same behavioral, humanistic, and cognitive factors today. A Behaviorist believes that all behavior is the result of activated stimuli based off of an individual’s environment. Therefore, his counselor would analyze and observe the various stimuli affecting Jake’s life and see if they were similar to the factors known to cause Anxiety disorder. Cognitive Psychology takes into account more than just external stimuli. The Cognitive Psychologist would also analyze Jake’s mental processes to determine why the increased difficulty of his classes would cause Anxiety Disorder in him, as the same thing does not happen in all cases. In Jake’s situation, his cause was the increase of difficulty in his classes, and the effect was his Anxiety Disorder. Furthermore, Jake’s Anxiety Disorder can be rationally explained by the evolutionary response system humans feel when they’re put into a rather uncontrollable, unknown, or in Jake’s circumstances, difficult situations. It is believed that Natural Selection favored those who felt aShow MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )791 Words   |  4 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) would be a very interesting area of research. I find this topic interesting because there are so many people that still believe that ADHD is a made up disorder and that the real problem is a lack of good parentin g skills. 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History Indian Democracy and British Raj Free Essays

India’s struggle for independence by Bipan Citandra Indian National Congress Founded * Founded in December 1885 by 72 political workers. * First organised expression of Indian nationalism on an all-India scale A powerful and long lasting myth ‘the safety valve’ had arisen around this question. The myth is that The Indian National Congress: * Started by A. We will write a custom essay sample on History Indian Democracy and British Raj or any similar topic only for you Order Now O. Hume and other under the official direction, guidance and advice of no less a person that Lord Dufferin, the Viceroy * Was to provide a safe, mild, peaceful, and constitutional outlet or safety Valve * For the rising dissatisfaction among the people That was leading towards a popular and violent resolution * Core was that violent revolution was on the cards at the time Was avoided by the foundation of the Congress * Liberals accept it * Writers accept it * Radicals use it to prove that Congress has always been comprising imperialism. * Extreme right use it to show that the Congress has been anti-national from the beginning All agree that the manner of its birth affected the basic character and future work of the Congress in a crucial manner Young India by Extremist leader Lala Lajpat Raj Used ‘safety valve’ theory to attack the Moderates in the Congress * Suggested Congress ‘was a product of Lord Dufferin’s brain’ * Argued that ‘the Congress was started more with the object of saving the British Empire from danger than with that of winning political liberty for India. The interests of the British Empire were primary and those of India only secondary’. * Added ‘no one can say th at the Congress has not been true to that ideal’ India Today by R. Palme Dutt * Myth of the safety valve = an important element in the liberal and adical section of the political system * Wrote that Congress as bought into existence through direct Governmental initiative and guidance and through ‘a plan secretly pre-arranged with the Viceroy’ * Wrote that Congress was used by Government ‘as an intended weapon for safeguarding British rule against the rising forces of popular unrest and anti-impending revolution’ * Said it was ‘an attempt to defeat, or rather forestall, an impending revolution * Said congress had two strands 1. Strand of cooperation with imperialism against the ‘menace’ of the mass movement 2. Strand of leadership of the masses in the national struggle Congress in time became a nationalist body and the vehicle of mass movements. It became the organiser of the anti-imperialist movement. It fought and collaborated with imperialism, and led to the mass movements and when the masses moved towards the revolutionary path, it betrayed the movement to imperialism. Became an organ of opposition to real revolution, a violent revolution. We by M. S. Golwalkar(RSS Chief) Found safety valve theory handy in attaching the Congress for its secularism and anti-nationalism. Said that Hindu national consciousness had been destroyed by those claiming to be nationalists who had pushed the ‘notions of democracy’ and the perverse notion that the Muslims had something in common with the Hindus * Suggested the fight in India was not just between Indians and British it was a ‘triangular fight’ Hindus were at war with Muslims and on the other hand with the British * Said wh at led Hindus to ‘denationalisation’ was the aims and policy laid down by Hume, Cotton and Wedderburn in 1885 The Rise and Growth of the Congress in India by liberal C. F. Andrews and Girija Mukerji * They fully accepted the safety valve theory * It had helped avoid ‘useless bloodshed’ before as well as after 1947 Tens of scholars and hundreds of popular writers have repeated some version of these points of view. Rise and Growth Despite the fact that Hume was a lover of liberty and wanted political liberty for India under the aegis of the British Crown be was above all an English Patriot , once he saw British rule was threatened with an impending calamity he decided to create a safety valve for the discontent. Hume wrote: ‘I was shown several large volumes containing a vast number of entries†¦ all arranged according to district’ he mentions that he had volumes in his possession only for a week, ‘all going to show that these poor men were pervaded with a sense of the hopelessness of the existing state of affairs; that they were convinced that they would starve and die, and that they wanted to do something, and stand by each other, and that something meant violence’ Very soon the seven volumes started undergoing a transformation * In 1933 (in Gurmukh Hihal Singh’s hands) they became ‘government reports’ * Andrews and Mukerji transformed them into ‘several volumes of secret reports from the CID’ * Came into Hume’s possession in this official capacity Dutt wrote, ‘Hume in his official capacity had received possession of the voluminous secret police reports’ How to cite History Indian Democracy and British Raj, Essay examples

Mining In Space AIAA And New York Academy Of Sciences On December 1 Essay Example For Students

Mining In Space AIAA And New York Academy Of Sciences On December 1 Essay MininginSpace AIAA and New York Academy of Sciences On December 10, 1986 the Greater New York Section of theAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) andthe engineering section of the New York Academy of Sciencesjointly presented a program on mining the planets. Speakers wereGreg Maryniak of the Space Studies Institute (SSI) and Dr.CarlPeterson of the Mining and Excavation Research Institute ofM. I.T.Maryniak spoke first and began by commenting that thequintessential predicament of space flight is that everythinglaunched from Earth must be accelerated to orbital velocity.Related to this is that the traditional way to create things inspace has been to manufacture them on Earth and then launch theminto orbit aboard large rockets. The difficulty with thisapproach is the huge cost-per-pound of boosting anything out ofthis planets gravity well. Furthermore, Maryniak noted, since(at least in the near to medium term) the space program mustdepend upon the government for most of its funding,for thiseconomic drawback necessarily translates intoapoliticalproblem.Maryniak continued by noting that the early settlers inNorth America did not attempt to transport across the Atlanticeverything then needed to sustain them in the New World.Ratherthey brought their tools with them and constructedtheirhabitats from local materials. Hence,he suggested that thesolution to the dilemma to which he referred required not somuch a shift in technology as a shift in thinking.Space,heargued, should be considered not as a vacuum, totally devoid ofeverything. Rather, it should be regarded as an ocean, that is,a hostile environment but one having resources.Among theresources of space, he suggested, are readily available solarpower and potential surface mines on the Moon and later othercelestial bodies as well. The Moon, Maryniak stated, contains many useful materials.Moreover, it is twenty-two times easier to accelerate a payloadto lunar escape velocity than it is to accelerate the identicalmass out of the EarthUs gravity well. As a practical matter theadvantage in terms of the energy required is even greaterbecause of the absence of a lunar atmosphere. Among other thingsthis permits the use of devices suchaselectromagneticaccelerators (mass drivers) to launch payloads from the MoonUssurface. Even raw Lunar soil is useful as shielding for spacestations and other space habitats.At present,he noted,exposure to radiation will prevent anyone for spending a totalof more than six months out of his or her entire lifetime on thespace station. At the other end of the scale, Lunar soil can beprocessed into its constituent materials. In between steps arealso of great interest. For example, the MoonUs soil is rich inoxygen, which makes up most of the mass of water and rocketpropellant. This oxygen could be RcookedS out of the Lunar soil.Since most of the mass of the equipment which would be necessaryto accomplish this would consist of relatively low technologyhardware, Maryniak suggested the possibility that at least inthe longer term theextractionplantitselfcouldbemanufactured largely on the Moon. Another possibility currentlybeing examined is the manufacture of glass from Lunar soil andusing it as construction material. The techniques involved,according to Maryniak, are crude but effective. (In answer to aquestion posed by a member of the audience after the formalpresentation, Maryniak stated that he believed the brittleproperties of glass could be overcome by using glass-glasscomposites. He also suggested yet another possibility, that ofusing Lunar soil as a basis of concrete.)One possible application of such Moon-made glass would bein glass-glass composite beams. Among other things, these couldbe employed as structural elements in a solar power satellite(SPS). While interest in the SPS has waned in this country,atleast temporarily, it is a major focus of attention in theU.S.S. R. , Western Europe and Japan. In particular, the Sovietshave stated that they will build an SPS by the year 2000(although they plan on using Earth launched materials. Similarlythe Japanese are conducting SPS related sounding rocket tests. Make prostitution Legal EssayThe shuttle cars,moreover, have to stay out of each others way. Furthermore, notonly are Earthbound mining machines too heavy to take intospace, they are rapidly becoming too heavy to take into mines onEarth.When humanity begins to colonize the Moon,Dr.Petersonasserted, it will eventually prove necessary to go below thesurface for the construction of habitats, even if the extractionof Lunar materials can be restrictedtosurfaceminingoperations. As a result, the same problems currently plaguingEarthbound mining will be encountered. This is where Earth andMoon mining can converge. Since Moon mining will start fromsquare one, Dr. Peterson implied, systems can be designed as awhole rather than piecemeal. By the same token, for the reasonsmentioned there is a need in the case of Earthbound miningmachinery to back up and look at systems as a whole.What isrequired, therefore, is a research program aimed at developingtechnology that will be useful on the Moonbutpendingdevelopment of Lunar mining operations can also be used downhere on Earth.In particular, the mining industry on Earth is inhibitedby overly complex equipment unsuited to todayUs opportunities inremote control and automation. It needs machines simple enoughto take advantage of tele-operation and automation. The sameneeds exist with respect to the Moon.Therefore the mininginstitute hopes to raise enough funds for sustained research inmining techniques useful both on Earth and on other celestialbodies as well. In this last connection, Dr. Peterson noted thatthe mining industry is subject to the same problem as theaerospace industry: Congress is reluctant to fund long rangeresearch. In addition, the mining industry has a problem of itsown in that because individual companies are highly competitiveresearch results are generally not shared.Dr.Peterson acknowledged,however,that there aredifferences between mining on Earth and miningonotherplanetary bodies.The most important is the onealreadymentioned-heavy equipment cannot be used in space. This willmean additional problems for space miners. Unlike space vacuum,rock does not provide a predictable environment.Furthermore,the constraint in mining is not energy requirements,but forcerequirements. Rock requires heavy forces to move. In otherwords, one reason earthbound mining equipment is heavy is thatit breaks. This brute force method, however, cannot be used inspace. Entirely aside from weight limitations,heavy forcescannot be generated on the Moon and especially on asteroids,because lower gravity means less traction. NASA has done someresearch on certain details of this problem, but there is a needfor fundamental thinking about how to avoid using big forces. One solution, although it would be limited to surfacemining, is the slusher-scoop. This device scoops up material ina bucket dragged across the surface by cables and a winch.Oneobvious advantage of this method is that it by passes lowgravity traction problems. Slushers are already in use here onEarth. According to Peterson, the device was invented by aperson named Pat Farell. Farell was, Peterson stated,a veryinnovative mining engineer partly because be did not attendcollege and therefore did not learn what couldnUt be done.Some possible alternatives to the use of big forces werediscussed during the question period that followed the formalpresentations. One was the so called laser cutter. This,Peterson indicated, is a potential solution if power problemscan be overcome.It does a good job and leaves behind avitrified tube in the rock.Another possibility is fusionpellets, which create shock waves by impact. On the other hand,nuclear charges are not practical.Aside from considerationsgenerated by treaties banning the presence of nuclear weapons inspace, they would throw material too far in a low gravityenvironment.